Being a Hero in The Histories of Herodotus Essay - 1662 Words

Many people consider him the father of history; others prefer to call him the father of lies. Whatever may be your perception of Herodotus’ work, the truth is that Herodotus began a new manner of writing history in which human psychology takes a fundamental place. He was the first historian who really considered the reasons why things happen and did not limit his narrative to just facts. His book The Histories evidences all the distinctive features that he employs through his description of facts as well as the intrinsic analysis that he includes to his storyline about controversial topics like the definition of what heroes really are. Indeed, The Histories’ book 7 reveals Herodotus’ astonishing and unique view of heroism. During his†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Leonidas showed a great affiliation to his nation’s traditions and customs during his life. He never gave up in his defense for freedom because he knew it was his responsibility to stay and fight bravely for his nation. As Demaratus told Xerxes, â€Å"there is no way they will ever accept any terms of slavery† (Herodotus 176) and Leonidas never did. Demaratus also said that Spartans would oppose Xerxes â€Å"in battle even if all the other Greeks come around to your way of thinking† (Herodotus 176) and, although this was not the case, Leonidas always acted as a man of values who would never give up. In fact, he never thought about the possibility of giving up. Leonidas was a fighter, a man who would fight until his last drop of blood was spilled, a Spartan. We see, therefore, a big difference between Xerxes and Leonidas. While Xerxes is a powerful king who does not care about his culture’s trait, Leonidas was a brave king who always follows his culture’s traditions. Consequently, according to Herodotus’ point of view, Leonidas’ is the truly heroic king because he follows his culture’s traits under any circum stances. Herodotus does not think of a hero as just a passionate fighter, but also as a humble person. This is another characteristic that is contrary to Xerxes’ personality. He was a very arrogant person with great power, which made him think he may do whatever heShow MoreRelatedHerodotus: The Battle of Thermopylae in The 300 Spartans1127 Words   |  4 Pagesthroughout Herodotus’ The Histories. Herodotus highlights the alliance of the Greek city-states during the Persian Wars, also discussing the disunity and betrayal amongst the Greeks. Additionally, Herodotus embellishes on the heroism and leadership of characters that fought relentlessly to preserve Greece while demonstrating their superior expertise. Herodotus continually exaggerates the importance of the gods and their influence on the decisions of the Greeks. It is these themes that allow Herodotus toRead MoreThe Law Of The Code Of Hammurabi825 Words   |  4 Pagesabandonment (Hammurabi, 158), or being exiled (Hammur abi, 154). Important issues of morality were laid out and dealt with. As incest was an important idea to this culture, written history was important to others. The various ethics used to form a distinct culture can be seen in other mediums, not just law codes. One form is written history as seen in Histories by Herodotus. Herodotus is not a political leader; he is just an author who wishes to document history. His moral beliefs led him to viewRead MoreStyles of Historiography: Herodotus vs Einhard940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Styles of Historiography: Herodotus vs. Einhard Herodotus and Einhard write history in two completely different styles. Einhard’s style is about giving specific details, while Herodotus’s style is about giving his own personal opinions and information that he has from secondary sources. The biggest effect of the difference amongst the two historian’s style of writing is the fact that Einhard’s history of Charlemagne’s life gives information that makes it seem as if the events wereRead MoreThe Truth Behind The Myth1471 Words   |  6 PagesTruth Behind the Myth Greek literature can be looked at as being indispensable when trying to understand the past. Many scholars have spent great lengths of time studying and interpreting the different works that have come to be most identified as Greek literature. In many of these works they can be looked at as having fairytale-like qualities in the way that magic and folklore is intertwined into historical perspectives. History plays an important role in greek literature, it breathes lifeRead MoreModern and Ancient Interpretations of Xerxes Essays1001 Words   |  5 Pagesmade great.† Other reliefs portray Xerxes as a great hunter, hero and warrior. Its important to note that Xerxes used reliefs and inscriptions as propaganda tools and to maintain control of his empire as â€Å"King of Kings†, therefore, making ancient Persian sources biased and only portraying Xerxes in a positive light. Herodotus Herodotus was an ancient historian born just after the reign of Xerxes. In his book The Histories, Herodotus doesn’t attack Xerxes but describes him in two ways. FirstlyRead MoreHistorical Accuracies in the Snyders Film 3001593 Words   |  6 Pages300: Historical Accuracies in the Snyders Film Introduction Herodotus and Zac Snyder have at least one thing in common: they both portray the ancient Persians in very unflattering terms. The grim, ghastly, almost monstrously barbaric (yet weirdly effeminate) features of the Persian leader Xerxes is one of the most visually arresting elements of Snyders film 300 (based on a graphic novel by Frank Miller). How historically accurate is the film? Considering the fact that Snyder shot almost the entiretyRead MoreThe Archaic and Classical Greek Periods Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesof hero cult in both the Archaic and Classical Greek periods. Each of these periods has their own distinctive cultural identity. This essay will look at political life as the most prominent significance for these communities to perform heroic cults. Heroes and Hero Cult â€Å"The word hero appears in Greek language with a twofold meaning. On one hand it is used for denoting a divine being, who lived a mortal life, but after doing some great deed deserved to become god. On the other hand, the hero standsRead MoreEssay about The Mystery of the Battle of Thermopylae2087 Words   |  9 PagesPersian invasion of Greece. The battle took place simultaneously with the naval battle at Artemisium, in August or September 480 BC, at the pass of Thermopylae (The Hot Gates). The event was later recorded by Herodotus, who interviewed the surviving soldiers and Greeks. When it comes to history it is important to be able to differentiate between historical fact, fiction, and exaggerations. One must be careful when looking at an event such as the battle of Thermopylae, because of all of the myths surroundingRead MoreThe Persian Royal Road Improve Governing And Communism Essay1737 Words   |  7 PagesPersian Empire? The land was too big for the king to rule, so the Satraps were basically like governors who governed their area of land. Why was the Persian king’s entourage a symbol of his power and influence? Like any entourage, the person who is being followed usually has a lot of wealth and is very respected. We can infer that it symbolized power and wealth. Which Persian king was known as a lawgiver and why was this label applied to them? Arius was considered to be the law giver and it is becauseRead MoreThe Greek Way Chapter Summaries4049 Words   |  17 Pagesmeaning for people of later generations. It is the full of meaning for nations, cultures and societies beset by broad-scale and profound social and political change and the accompanying confusion and fear produced in the minds and souls of human beings. The first question Hamilton addresses is â€Å"What gave rise to such an unprecedented and unique achievement?† To answer this question, she says, the reader must understand prevailing thought of the ancient world. Only then can the uniqueness of Athenian

Cheating Is A Common Incident - 2921 Words

Relationship cheating is a very common incident. If you haven’t experienced it yet, there’s a good chance you eventually will. In this paper I’ll show you how often cheating happens, the definition of cheating, what constitutes cheating, and how to deal with it with sources from the internet and a story called â€Å"The Girls in Their Summer Dresses,† by Irwin Shaw. Everyone has different opinions on what is cheating, especially if it s between male and female. This seems to be slightly true because people have a hard time being completely honest and because men and women just think differently. Slightly more than half of all married people will cheat on their spouses at some point in their lives. Men apparently cheat more often than women, but there isn t much of a difference. In â€Å"Girls in Their Summer Dresses,† The main characters are married to each other, Frances and Michael. Michael had cheated on Frances earlier in the marriage, yet still wanted more woman knowing he was married to her. Frances has said to Michael, â€Å" You look at them as though you want them, every one of them.† Michael answered, â€Å"In a way that s true. I don t do anything about it, but its true†Show MoreRelatedClassroom Incidents957 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom Incidents Name University Classroom Incidents A classroom incident is an unexpected event that occurs in a classroom causing disturbance or presenting a safety risk. A classroom incident can affect a teacher, a student or all the members of the classroom. There are many critical incidents that have occurred between teachers and students or among students. A critical classroom incident either spoils the student-student relationship or the teacher-student relationship. Past classroomRead MoreWhat Does The Inner Workings Of Your Mind?844 Words   |  4 Pagescomplementary the inner workings of your mind are to your friend’s. Unquestionably, he shares many common habits with you, including the same process of elimination that you are subjected to during an exam. It’s either that, or some form of foul play may be involved. It’s not a surprise that 95% of high school students have admitted to some form of cheating at some point, while 64% have shamelessly conceded to cheating on a test. I mean, who’s watching? Imagine being placed in an unsupervised classroom withRead MoreWe Must Work to Stop Plagiarism Essay878 Words   |  4 Pagesknowledge on a particular subject is what education is all about, however, when someone does borrow or use someone else’s information, they are morally, and often times legally, obligated to give due credit to the source. Plagiarism is a form of cheating, and cheating hurts everyone involved in one way or another. 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Chapter 19 Free Essays

Chapter 19 Free Essays Audit of the Acquisition and Payment Cycle: Tests of Controls, Substantive Tests of Transactions, and Accounts Payable. Chapter 19  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 1 Learning Objective 1 Identify the accounts and the classes of transactions in the acquisition and payment cycle.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 2 Transactions in the Acquisition and Payment Cycle 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 19 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Acquisitions of goods and services 2. Cash disbursements 3. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts 2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 3 Accounts in the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Cash in Bank Accounts Payable Cash Acquisitions disbursements of goods and services Purchase returns and allowances Purchase discounts Raw Material Purchases Purchase Returns and Allowances Property, Plant and Equipment Purchase Discounts Prepaid Expenses  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 4 Accounts in the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Manufacturing Expense Control Account Subsidiary accounts Repair and maintenance Taxes, Supplies Freight in, Utilities Accounts Payable Acquisitions of goods and services Selling Expense Control Account Subsidiary accounts Commissions Travel, delivery expenses Repairs, Advertising Administrative Expense Control Account Subsidiary accounts Supplies, Officers’ travel Legal fees Auditing fees, Taxes  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 5 Learning Objective 2 Describe the business functions and the related documents and records in the acquisition and payment cycle.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 9 – 6 Classes of Transactions and Accounts Acquisitions: ? ? ? ? Inventory Property, plant, and equipment Prepaid expenses Leasehold improvements ? Accounts ? payable Manufacturing expenses ? Selling and administrative expenses 19 – 7  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Classes of Transactions and Accounts Cash disbursements: ? Cash in bank (from cas h disbursements) payable Purchase discounts ? Accounts ?  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 8 Business Functions in the Cycle Processing purchase orders ? Receiving goods and services ? Recognizing the liability ? Processing and recording cash disbursements  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 9 Related Documents and Reports Processing purchase orders: ? Purchase requisition ? Purchase order Receiving goods and services: ? Receiving report  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 10 Related Documents and Reports Recognizing the liability: ? Vendor’s invoice ? Debit memo ? Voucher ? Acquisitions transaction file 2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 11 Related Documents and Reports Recognizing the liability: ? Acquisitions journal or listing ? Accounts payable master file ? Accounts payable trial balance ? Vendor’s statement  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 12 Related Documents and Reports Processing and recording cash disbursements: ? Check ? Cash disbursements transaction file ? Cash disbursements journal or listing  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 13 Learning Objective 3 Describe how e-commerce affects the acquisition of goods and service.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 14 How E-Commerce Affects the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Internet-based technologies allow for electronic linkages between suppliers and customers. Information about products is available over the Internet.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 15 How E-Commerce Affects the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Some companies use extranets which allow companies to communicate and conduct business in a secure setting. Other companies use business-to-business auctions hosted on the Internet to negotiate purchases.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 16 Learning Objective 4 Understand internal control, and design and perform tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for the acquisition and payment cycle.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 17 Methodology for Designing Controls and Substantive Tests Understand internal control – acquisitions and cash disbursements Assess planned control risk – acquisitions and cash disbursements Determine extent of testing controls Design tests of controls and Audit procedures substantive tests of transactions Sample size for acquisitions and cash Items to select disbursements to meet Timing transaction-related audit objectives  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 18 Understand Internal Control ? Study the client’s flowcharts ? Review internal control questionnaires ? Perform walk-through tests  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 19 Assess Planned Control Risk ? Authorization of purchases Separation of asset custody from other functions ? Timely recording and independent review of transactions ? Authorization of payments  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 20 Determine Extent of Testing of Controls ? The auditor identifies the key internal controls and weaknesses and assesses control risk ? The auditor perf orms tests of controls to obtain evidence that controls are operating effectively  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 21 Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions for Acquisitions ? Recorded acquisitions are for goods and services received (occurrence) ? Existing acquisitions are recorded (completeness) ? Acquisitions are accurately recorded (accuracy)  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 22 Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions for Acquisitions ? Acquisitions are correctly included in the master files (posting and summarization) ? Acquisitions are correctly classified (classification) ? Acquisitions are recorded on the correct dates (timing)  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 23 Attributes Sampling Because of the importance of tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions for acquisitions and cash disbursements, the use of attributes sampling is common in this audit area.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 24 Important Differences ? Larger number of transactions ? Significant judgment ? Wide range of dollar amount  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 25 Learning Objective 5 Describe the methodology for designing tests of details of balances for accounts payable using the audit risk model. 2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 26 Methodology for Designing Tests of Balances for Accounts Payable Identify client business risks affecting accounts payable Phase I Set tolerable misstatement and assess inherent risk Phase I for accounts payable Assess control risk for the acquisition and payment cycl e Phase I 19 – 27  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Methodology for Designing Tests of Balances for Accounts Payable Design and perform tests of controls and substantive tests Phase II of transactions for the acquisition and payment cycle 2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 28 Methodology for Designing Tests of Balances for Accounts Payable Design and perform analytical procedures Phase III for accounts payable balance Design tests of Audit procedures details of accounts Sample size payable balance to satisfy balanceItems to select related audit Timing objectives  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder Phase III 19 – 29 Learning Objective 6 Design and perform analytical procedures for accounts payable.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 9 – 30 Analytical Procedures for the Acquisition a nd Payment Cycle Analytical procedure Compare acquisition-related expense account balances with prior years. Possible misstatement Misstatement of accounts payable and expenses Review list of accounts payable Classification misstatement for nontrade liabilities for unusual, nonvendor, and interest-bearing payables  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 31 Analytical Procedures for the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Analytical procedure Compare individual accounts payable with previous years Possible misstatement Unrecorded or nonexistent accounts, or misstatements Calculate ratios, such as Unrecorded or nonexistent purchases divided by accounts accounts, or misstatements payable, and accounts payable divided by current liabilities  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 32 Learning Objective 7 Design and perform tests of details of balances for accounts payable, including out-of-period liability tests.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 33 Out-of-Period Liability Tests Examine underlying documentation for subsequent cash disbursements ? Examine underlying documentation for bills not paid several weeks after the year-end ? Trace receiving reports issued before year-end to related vendors’ invoices  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 34 Out-of-Period Liability Tests ? Trace vendors’ statements that show a balance due to the accounts payable trial balance ? Send confirmations to vendors with which the client does business  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 35 Cutoff Tests ? Relationship of cutoff to physical observation of inventory ? Inventory in transit ? ? FOB destination FOB origin  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 36 Learning Objective 8 Distinguish the reliability of vendors’ invoices, vendors’ statements, and confirmations of accounts payable as audit evidence.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 37 Reliability of Evidence ? Distinction between vendors’ invoices and vendors’ statements ? Difference between vendors’ statements and confirmations 2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 38 Sample Size Sample sizes for accounts payable tests vary considerably, depending on many factors. Statistical sampling is less commonly used for the audit of accounts payable than for accounts receivable.  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12 /e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 39 Types of Audit Tests for the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Cash in Bank Payments Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Accounts Payable Acquisition Expenses Expenses Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Ending balance Audited by AP and TDB Ending balance Audited by AP TOC + STOT + AP + TDB = Sufficient appropriate evidence per GAAS  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 40 Types of Audit Tests for the Acquisition and Payment Cycle Accounts Payable Acquisition Assets Acquisition of assets Audited by TOC, STOT, and AP Ending balance Audited by AP and TDB TOC + STOT + AP + TDB = Sufficient appropriate evidence per GAAS  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 41 End of Chapter 19  ©2008 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 12/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder 19 – 42 How to cite Chapter 19, Papers